Excavation
Bulking/Swell Factors for Various Excavated/Mined Materials
The swell factor expressed in percentage is the amount of volume increase from bank volume (undisturbed, in place state) to loose volume (disturbed, excavated state) of the material due to voids (air pockets) added to the material after excavation.
Example using metres:
The excavated area is 200 metres long, 20 metres wide, and 2 metres deep, with a listed swell percentage of 40% for the material.The bank excavation volume = 200 * 20 * 2 = 8000 m³ -> 8000 Bank cubic metres (BCM)
Loose volume = 8000 * 1.4 = 11200 m³ -> 11200 Loose cubic metres(LCM)
The same excavation in feet:
Excavated area is 200 feet long 20 feet wide and 2 feet deep with a listed swell of 40% for the material.Bank volume = 200 * 20 * 2 = 8000 ft³
Convert 8000 ft³ to yd³ = 8000/27 = 296 yd³
Loose volume = 296 * 1.4 = 414 yd³
(Calculations are based on the material being of similar consistency. To get a more accurate estimate of volume increase from bank to loose state, you would require the services of a Geo Tech Engineer)
Bulking factors of soil and rocks were collected from various online sources.
| Material | Swell/Bulking % | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Ice | 50 | Abel, 1961 |
| Granite | 72 | Alaska Dot, 1983 |
| Gravel, Sandy | 5 | Alaska Dot, 1983 |
| Limestone | 63 | Alaska Dot, 1983 |
| Loess | 35 | Alaska Dot, 1983 |
| Rock/Earth 25%R/75%E | 26 | Alaska Dot, 1983 |
| Rock/Earth 50%R/50%E | 29 | Alaska Dot, 1983 |
| Rock/Earth 75%R/25%E | 25 | Alaska Dot, 1983 |
| Sand | 5 | Alaska Dot, 1983 |
| Sandstone | 61 | Alaska Dot, 1983 |
| Shale-Siliceous | 40 | Alaska Dot, 1983 |
| Silt | 35 | Alaska Dot, 1983 |
| Siltstone | 45 | Alaska Dot, 1983 |
| Basalt | 60 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Cinders | 30 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Clay, Damp | 40 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Clay, Dry | 35 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Decomposed Rock 25% Rock, 75% Earth | 25 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Decomposed Rock 50% Rock, 50% Earth | 27 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Decomposed Rock 75% Rock, 25% Earth | 40 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Dolomite | 65 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Feldspar | 65 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Gneiss | 65 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Granite | 70 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Gravel, Dry | 15 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Gravel, Pit Run | 8 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Gravel, Wet | 5 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Ice | 70 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Limestone | 60 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Mud | 20 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Pavement, Asphalt | 50 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Pavement, Concrete | 50 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Peat | 30 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Quartzite | 65 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Riprap (avg) | 70 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Sand, Dry | 10 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Sand, Wet | 5 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Sandstone | 60 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Silt | 35 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Snow, Dry | 0 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Snow, Wet | 0 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Taconite, Iron Ore | 60 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Topsoil | 55 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Trap Rock | 65 | Alberto Munguia Mireles |
| Glacial Till | 10 | Arup |
| Mudstone/Siltstone | 15 | Arup |
| Sandstone | 20 | Arup |
| Subsoil | 10 | Arup |
| Topsoil | 5 | Arup |
| Basalt | 60 | Atkinson 1971 |
| Chalk | 30 | Atkinson 1971 |
| Clay, Gravel and Sand, Dry | 30 | Atkinson 1971 |
| Clay, Heavy | 35 | Atkinson 1971 |
| Clay, Light | 30 | Atkinson 1971 |
| Granite | 55 | Atkinson 1971 |
| Gravel, Dry | 25 | Atkinson 1971 |
| Limestone, Hard | 60 | Atkinson 1971 |
| Limestone, Soft | 50 | Atkinson 1971 |
| Sand and Gravel, Dry | 15 | Atkinson 1971 |
| Sand,Dry | 15 | Atkinson 1971 |
| Sandstone, Cemented | 60 | Atkinson 1971 |
| Sandstone, Porous | 60 | Atkinson 1971 |
| Shale | 45 | Atkinson 1971 |
| Chalk | 80 | Bannister And Raymond, 1998 |
| Clay | 20 | Bannister And Raymond, 1998 |
| Gravel | 0 | Bannister And Raymond, 1998 |
| Rock (Large Pieces) | 50 | Bannister And Raymond, 1998 |
| Rock (Small) | 70 | Bannister And Raymond, 1998 |
| Sandy Soil, Light | 5 | Bannister And Raymond, 1998 |
| Clayey Silt Or Clay | 30 | BCFS (1995) |
| Hard Pan | 25 | BCFS (1995) |
| Sand, Clean | 12 | BCFS (1995) |
| Sand, Common | 25 | BCFS (1995) |
| Clayey Sands (SC) | 10 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Clay, Low Plasticity (CL) | 30 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Gravel, Silty (GM) | 15 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Organic Silts/Clays Of Low Plasticity (OL) | 30 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Rocks, Rubble, Soft | 41 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Sands, Poorly Graded (SP) | 10 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Sands, Silty (SM) | 10 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Sands, Well Graded (SW) | 10 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Silt, Low Plasticity (ML) | 30 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Silty Gravel (GM) | 15 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Gravel, Clayey (GC) | 10 to 20 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Gravel, Silty (GM) | 10 to 20 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Inorganic Clays Low Plasticity (CL) | 20 to 40 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Inorganic Silts, Low Plasticity (ML) | 20 to 40 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Organic Silts/Clays Low Plasticity (OL) | 20 to 40 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Rock, Hard Broken | 20 to 60 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Rocks Soft, Rubble | 40 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Sand, Clayey (SC) | 5 to 15 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Sand, Poorly Graded (SP) | 5 to 15 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Sand, Silty (SM) | 5 to 15 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Sand, Well Graded (SW) | 5 to 15 | BS 6031 (1981) |
| Basalt | 49 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Bauxite, Kaolin | 33 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Caliche | 82 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Carnotite, Uranium Ore | 35 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Cinders | 52 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Clay & Gravel, Dry | 18 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Clay & Gravel, Wet | 18 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Clay, Dry | 23 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Clay, Natural Bed | 22 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Clay, Wet | 25 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Coal, Anthracite Washed | 35 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Coal, Anthracite, Raw | 35 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Coal, Ash, Bituminous | 8 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Coal, Bituminous Washed | 35 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Coal, Bituminous, Raw | 35 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Decomposed Rock (25%rock, 75% Earth) | 25 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Decomposed Rock (50%rock, 50% Earth) | 33 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Decomposed Rock (75%rock, 25% Earth) | 43 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Earth, Dry Packed | 25 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Earth, Wet Excavated | 27 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Granite - Broken | 64 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Gravel, Dry | 12 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Gravel, Pit-Run | 12 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Gravel, Wet (6-50 mm) | 12 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Gypsum, Broken | 75 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Gypsum, Crushed | 75 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Hematite, Iron Ore, High Grade | 18 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Limestone, Broken | 69 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Loam Earth | 23 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Magnetite, Iron Ore | 18 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Natural Bed Clay | 22 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Pyrite, Iron Ore | 18 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Sand & Clay, Loose | 27 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Sand & Gravel, Dry | 12 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Sand & Gravel, Wet | 10 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Sand, Damp | 12 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Sand, Damp | 12 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Sand, Dry, Loose | 12 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Sand, Wet | 12 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Sandstone | 67 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Shale | 33 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Slag, Broken | 67 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Slag, Furnace | 82 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Stone, Crushed | 67 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Taconite | 72 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Top Soil | 43 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Trap Rock, Broken | 49 | Cat Handbook (2016) |
| Sandy Soils (A-3) | 25 | Chopra (1999) |
| Adobe | 35 | Church (1981) |
| Andesite | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Aragonite, Calcium Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Argentite, Silver Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Asbestos | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Asphaltum | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Barite, Barium Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Bauxite, Aluminum Ore | 50 | Church (1981) |
| Bentonite | 35 | Church (1981) |
| Biotite, Mica Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Borax, | 75 | Church (1981) |
| Breccia | 33 | Church (1981) |
| Calcite, Calcium Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Caliche | 16 | Church (1981) |
| Carnotite Uranium Ore | 50 | Church (1981) |
| Cassiterite, Tin Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Cerrusite, Lead Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Chalcocite, Copper Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Chalcopyrite, Copper Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Chalk | 50 | Church (1981) |
| Cinders | 33 | Church (1981) |
| Cinnabar, Mercury Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Clay, Damp | 40 | Church (1981) |
| Clay, Dry | 35 | Church (1981) |
| Coal, Anthracite | 70 | Church (1981) |
| Coal, Ashes | 33 | Church (1981) |
| Coal, Bituminous | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Coke | 0 | Church (1981) |
| Colemanite, Borax Ore | 75 | Church (1981) |
| Concrete, Cinder | 72 | Church (1981) |
| Concrete, Cyclopean | 72 | Church (1981) |
| Concrete, Stone | 72 | Church (1981) |
| Decomposed Rock 25%R 75%E | 26 | Church (1981) |
| Decomposed Rock 50%R 50%E | 29 | Church (1981) |
| Decomposed Rock 75%R 25%E | 25 | Church (1981) |
| Diabase | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Diatomaceous Earth, Diatomite | 62 | Church (1981) |
| Diorite | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Dolomite | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Earth Loam, Wet, Mud | 0 | Church (1981) |
| Earth Rock Mix, 25%R 75%E | 25 | Church (1981) |
| Earth Rock Mix, 50%R 50%E | 29 | Church (1981) |
| Earth Rock Mix, 75%R 25%E | 26 | Church (1981) |
| Earth, Loam Damp | 40 | Church (1981) |
| Earth, Loam Dry | 35 | Church (1981) |
| Feldspar | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Felsite | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Fluorite | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Gabbro | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Galena, Lead Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Gneiss | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Gob, Mining Refuse | 0 | Church (1981) |
| Granite | 72 | Church (1981) |
| Gravel, Average Graduation, Dry | 15 | Church (1981) |
| Gumbo, Dry | 50 | Church (1981) |
| Gumbo, Wet | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Gypsum | 72 | Church (1981) |
| Hermatite, Iron Ore | 75 | Church (1981) |
| Hessite, Silver Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Ice | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Ilmenite Titanium Ore | 69 | Church (1981) |
| Kaolinite, Dry | 50 | Church (1981) |
| Kaolinite, Wet | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Lignite | 65 | Church (1981) |
| Limestone | 63 | Church (1981) |
| Limonite, Iron Ore | 55 | Church (1981) |
| Linnaeite, Cobalt Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Loess, Dry | 35 | Church (1981) |
| Loess, Wet | 40 | Church (1981) |
| Magmesite, Magnesium Ore | 50 | Church (1981) |
| Magmetite. Iron Ore | 54 | Church (1981) |
| Marble | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Marl | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Masonry, Rubble | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Millerite, Nickel Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Molybdemite, Molybdenum Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Muscovite, Mica Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Niccolite, Nickel Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Orpiment, Arsenic Ore | 50 | Church (1981) |
| Pavement, Asphalt | 50 | Church (1981) |
| Pavement, Brick | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Pavement, Concrete | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Pavement, Macadam | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Pavement, Wood Block | 72 | Church (1981) |
| Peat | 33 | Church (1981) |
| Phosphorite, Phosphate Rock | 50 | Church (1981) |
| Porphyry | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Potash | 50 | Church (1981) |
| Pumice | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Pyrite, Iron Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Pyrolusite, Manganese Ore | 50 | Church (1981) |
| Quartz | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Quartzite | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Realgar, Arsenic Ore | 50 | Church (1981) |
| Rhyolite | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Riprap Rock, Average | 72 | Church (1981) |
| Rock Salt | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Rock, Ashphalt | 62 | Church (1981) |
| Sand, Average Graduation, Dry | 11 | Church (1981) |
| Sand, Average Graduation,Wet | 5 | Church (1981) |
| Sandstone | 61 | Church (1981) |
| Scheelite, Tungsten Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Serpentine, Asbestos Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Shale | 50 | Church (1981) |
| Silt | 36 | Church (1981) |
| Siltstone | 61 | Church (1981) |
| Slag, Furnace | 98 | Church (1981) |
| Slag, Sand | 11 | Church (1981) |
| Smaltite, Cobalt Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Snow, Dry | 0 | Church (1981) |
| Snow, Wet | 0 | Church (1981) |
| Soapstone, Tale Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Sodium Nitrate, Chile Saltpeter | 50 | Church (1981) |
| Stibnite, Antimonite Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Sulphur | 50 | Church (1981) |
| Syenite | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Taconite, Iron Ore | 60 | Church (1981) |
| Tale | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Topsoil | 56 | Church (1981) |
| Trachyte | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Trap Rock, Igneous Rocks | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Witherite, Barium Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Wolframite, Tungsten Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Zinc Blende, Zinc Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Zincite, Zinc Ore | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Basalt | 64 | Church (1981) |
| Breccia | 33 | Church (1981) |
| Conglomerate | 33 | Church (1981) |
| Diabase | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Diorite | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Felsite | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Limestone | 63 | Church (1981) |
| Marble | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Quartzite | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Rhyolite | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Sandstone | 61 | Church (1981) |
| Schist | 67 | Church (1981) |
| Siltstone | 61 | Church (1981) |
| Slate | 77 | Church (1981) |
| Tuff | 50 | Church (1981) |
| Clay, Dry | 18 | Deryl Burch (1997) |
| Clay, Natural | 39 | Deryl Burch (1997) |
| Clay, Wet | 18 | Deryl Burch (1997) |
| Earth, Common Dry | 25 | Deryl Burch (1997) |
| Earth,Common Wet | 25 | Deryl Burch (1997) |
| Limestone | 68 | Deryl Burch (1997) |
| Sand, Dry and Loose | 27 | Deryl Burch (1997) |
| Sand, Wet and Packed | 19 | Deryl Burch (1997) |
| Basalt | 64 | Durham University Community |
| Chalk | 50 | Durham University Community |
| Clay (High Pi) | 40 | Durham University Community |
| Clay (Low Pi) | 30 | Durham University Community |
| Clay and Gravel | 35 | Durham University Community |
| Granite | 72 | Durham University Community |
| Gravel | 5 | Durham University Community |
| Limestone | 63 | Durham University Community |
| Sand | 5 | Durham University Community |
| Sand & Gravel | 15 | Durham University Community |
| Sandstone, Cemented | 61 | Durham University Community |
| Sandstone, Porous | 60 | Durham University Community |
| Shales | 50 | Durham University Community |
| Dense Clay | 33 to 40 | Earth Moving Fundamentals |
| Earth, Common | 25 | Earth Moving Fundamentals |
| Loam and Loamy Sand | 15 to 20 | Earth Moving Fundamentals |
| Sand Or Gravel, Dry, Clean | 12 to 14 | Earth Moving Fundamentals |
| Sand Or Gravel, Wet, Clean | 12 to 16 | Earth Moving Fundamentals |
| Sand and Gravel, Dry | 15 | Engineering Geology And Construction |
| Sand, Dry | 15 | Engineering Geology And Construction |
| Clay Light | 30 | Engineering Geology And Constuction |
| Clay, Heavy | 35 | Engineering Geology And Constuction |
| Clay,Gravel and Sand, Dry | 30 | Engineering Geology And Constuction |
| Gravel, Dry | 25 | Engineering Geology And Constuction |
| Basalt | 75 - 80 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Clay | 20 - 40 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Dolomite | 50 - 60 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Earth | 20 - 30 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Gneiss | 75 - 80 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Granite | 75 - 80 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Gravel, Dry | 20 - 30 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Gravel, Wet | 20 - 30 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Gravel, Wet With Clay | 50 - 60 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Limestone | 75 - 80 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Loam | 15 - 25 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Quartz | 75 - 80 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Rock | 40 - 80 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Sand, Dry | 20 - 30 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Sand, Wet | 20 - 30 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Sandstone | 75 - 80 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Slate | 85 - 90 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Soil | 20 - 30 | Engineering Tool Box |
| Blasted Rock | 40 to 60 | Estimating Building Cost |
| Clay | 20 to 35 | Estimating Building Cost |
| Loam, Sandy | 10 to 20 | Estimating Building Cost |
| Sand and Gravel | 10 to 18 | Estimating Building Cost |
| Topsoil | 25 to 35 | Estimating Building Cost |
| Andesite | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Basalt | 64 | FHWA 2007 |
| Bentonite | 35 | FHWA 2007 |
| Breccia | 33 | FHWA 2007 |
| Calcite-Calcium | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Caliche | 16 | FHWA 2007 |
| Chalk | 50 | FHWA 2007 |
| Cinders | 33 | FHWA 2007 |
| Clay, Damp | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Clay, Dry | 50 | FHWA 2007 |
| Conglomerate | 33 | FHWA 2007 |
| Decomposed Rock 25%R 75%E | 43 | FHWA 2007 |
| Decomposed Rock 50%R 50%E | 38 | FHWA 2007 |
| Decomposed Rock 75%R 25%E | 31 | FHWA 2007 |
| Diatomaceous Earth | 62 | FHWA 2007 |
| Diorite | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Dolomite | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Earth, Loam Dry | 50 | FHWA 2007 |
| Earth, Loam, Damp | 43 | FHWA 2007 |
| Earth, Loam, Wet, Mud | 0 | FHWA 2007 |
| Feldspar | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Gabbro | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Gneiss | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Granite | 72 | FHWA 2007 |
| Gravel, Dry, Average Graduation | 20 | FHWA 2007 |
| Gravel, Dry, Uniformly Graded | 10 | FHWA 2007 |
| Gravel, Dry, Well Graded | 33 | FHWA 2007 |
| Gravel, Wet, Average Graduation | 10 | FHWA 2007 |
| Gravel, Wet, Uniformly Graded | 5 | FHWA 2007 |
| Gravel, Wet, Well Graded | 16 | FHWA 2007 |
| Gumbo, Dry | 50 | FHWA 2007 |
| Gumbo, Wet | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Ingeous Rocks | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Kaolinite, Dry | 50 | FHWA 2007 |
| Kaolinite, Wet | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Limestone | 63 | FHWA 2007 |
| Loess, Dry | 50 | FHWA 2007 |
| Loess, Wet | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Marble | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Marl | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Masonry, Rubble | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Mica | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Pavement, Asphalt | 50 | FHWA 2007 |
| Pavement, Brick | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Pavement, Concrete | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Pavement, Macadam | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Peat | 33 | FHWA 2007 |
| Pumice | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Quartz | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Quartzite | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Rhyolite | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Riprap Rock | 72 | FHWA 2007 |
| Sand, Dry | 11 | FHWA 2007 |
| Sand, Wet | 5 | FHWA 2007 |
| Sandstone | 61 | FHWA 2007 |
| Schist | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Shale | 36 | FHWA 2007 |
| Shale | 79 | FHWA 2007 |
| Siltstone | 61 | FHWA 2007 |
| Slate | 77 | FHWA 2007 |
| Talc | 67 | FHWA 2007 |
| Topsoil | 56 | FHWA 2007 |
| Tuff | 50 | FHWA 2007 |
| Andesite | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Asphalt Pavement | 49 | FLH (1996) |
| Basalt | 64 | FLH (1996) |
| Bentonite | 35 | FLH (1996) |
| Breccia | 33 | FLH (1996) |
| Brick Pavement | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Calcite-Calcium | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Caliche | 16 | FLH (1996) |
| Chalk | 49 | FLH (1996) |
| Cinders | 33 | FLH (1996) |
| Clay, Damp | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Clay, Dry | 49 | FLH (1996) |
| Concrete, Pavement | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Conglomerate | 33 | FLH (1996) |
| Decomposed Rock, 25% R. 75% E. | 43 | FLH (1996) |
| Decomposed Rock, 50% R. 50% E. | 39 | FLH (1996) |
| Decomposed Rock, 75% R. 25% E. | 32 | FLH (1996) |
| Diatomaceous Earth | 61 | FLH (1996) |
| Diorite | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Dolomite | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Feldspar | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Gabbro | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Gneiss | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Granite | 72 | FLH (1996) |
| Gumbo, Dry | 49 | FLH (1996) |
| Gumbo, Wet | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Gypsum | 72 | FLH (1996) |
| Igneous Rocks | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Kaolinite, Dry | 49 | FLH (1996) |
| Kaolinite, Wet | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Limestone | 64 | FLH (1996) |
| Loam, Damp Earth | 43 | FLH (1996) |
| Loam, Dry Earth | 49 | FLH (1996) |
| Loam, Wet, Mud Earth | 0 | FLH (1996) |
| Loess, Dry | 49 | FLH (1996) |
| Loess, Wet | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Macadam Pavement | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Marble | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Marl | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Masonry, Rubble | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Mica | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Peat | 33 | FLH (1996) |
| Pumice | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Quartz | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Quartzite | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Rhyolite | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Riprap Rock | 72 | FLH (1996) |
| Sand, Dry | 11 | FLH (1996) |
| Sand, Wet | 5 | FLH (1996) |
| Sandstone | 61 | FLH (1996) |
| Schist | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Shale | 79 | FLH (1996) |
| Silt | 35 | FLH (1996) |
| Slate | 79 | FLH (1996) |
| Talc | 67 | FLH (1996) |
| Top Soil | 56 | FLH (1996) |
| Tuff | 49 | FLH (1996) |
| Clay | 20 to 40 | Handbook Of Geotechnical Investigation And Design |
| Clay. Organic | 20 to 40 | Handbook Of Geotechnical Investigation And Design |
| Gravelly Clays | 20 to 40 | Handbook Of Geotechnical Investigation And Design |
| Gravels | 10 to 15 | Handbook Of Geotechnical Investigation And Design |
| Rocks Metamorphic | 30 to 60 | Handbook Of Geotechnical Investigation And Design |
| Rocks, Igneous | 50 to 80 | Handbook Of Geotechnical Investigation And Design |
| Rocks, Sedimentary | 40 to 70 | Handbook Of Geotechnical Investigation And Design |
| Rocks, Soft | 30 to 40 | Handbook Of Geotechnical Investigation And Design |
| Sand, Uniform | 10 to 15 | Handbook Of Geotechnical Investigation And Design |
| Sand, well graded (SW) | 10 to 15 | Handbook Of Geotechnical Investigation And Design |
| Topsoil/Peat | 25 to 45 | Handbook Of Geotechnical Investigation And Design |
| Bauxite, Run Of Mine | 33 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Clay and Gravel Dry | 41 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Clay, Compact, Natural Bed | 33 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Clay, Dense, Tough Or Wet | 34 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Clay, Dry | 25 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Clay, Light, Kaolin | 30 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Coal, Anthracite | 35 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Coal, Bituminous | 35 to 40 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Earth, Rock | 31 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Gneiss | 75 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Granite | 50 to 86 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Granite and Porphyry | 75 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Gravel, Dry | 12 to 98 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Gravel, Wet | 10 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Gypsum | 50 to 63 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Iron Ore, Hematite | 67 to 122 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Iron Ore, Taconite | 40 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Kaolin | 30 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Limestone | 65 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Limestone, Blasted | 68 to 75 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Limestone, Marble | 68 to 75 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Mud, Dry | 21 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Mud, Wet | 20 to 21 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Rock, Stone, Crushed | 35 to 36 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Rock, Well Blasted | 49 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Sand and Gravel, Dry | 14 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Sand and Gravel, Wet | 15 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Sand, Dry | 10 to 16 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Sand, Moist | 15 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Sandstone | 39 to 50 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Shale, Riprap | 33 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Slag | 24 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Slate | 29 to 30 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Stone, Crushed | 35 to 36 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Trap Rock | 49 to 52 | Hartman, H.L., 1982 |
| Clay | 30 | Hashemite University |
| Earth, Common | 25 | Hashemite University |
| Rock, Blasted | 50 | Hashemite University |
| Sand and Gravel, Dry | 12 | Hashemite University |
| Dense Clay | 20 to 35 | Helton (2007) |
| Gravel | 10 to 19 | Helton (2007) |
| Loam | 15 to 25 | Helton (2007) |
| Rock, Solid | 42 to 61 | Helton (2007) |
| Chalk | 30-40 | Horner, 1988 |
| Cohesive Soil | 20-40 | Horner, 1988 |
| Granular Soil | 10-15 | Horner, 1988 |
| Igneous Rocks | 50-80 | Horner, 1988 |
| Metamorphic Rocks | 30-65 | Horner, 1988 |
| Peat | 25-45 | Horner, 1988 |
| Sedimentary Rocks | 40-75 | Horner, 1988 |
| Topsoil | 25-45 | Horner, 1988 |
| Igneous Rocks | 50 to 80 | Horner, 1988 |
| Metamorphic | 30 to 65 | Horner, 1988 |
| Clay's | 30 | Look(2007) |
| Gravelly Clay's | 30 | Look(2007) |
| Gravels | 12 | Look(2007) |
| Igneous Rocks | 61 | Look(2007) |
| Metamorphic Rocks | 43 | Look(2007) |
| Organic Clays | 30 | Look(2007) |
| Peat/Topsoil | 33 | Look(2007) |
| Rocks, Soft | 35 | Look(2007) |
| Sand, Uniform | 12 | Look(2007) |
| Sand, Well Graded (SW) | 12 | Look(2007) |
| Sedimentary Rocks | 54 | Look(2007) |
| Coal | 30 to 35 | Lopez Jimeno Et Al. 1995 |
| Copper Ore | 50 to 60 | Lopez Jimeno Et Al. 1995 |
| Iron, Ore | 40 to 60 | Lopez Jimeno Et Al. 1995 |
| Clay, Boulder | 45 | Methvin |
| Clay/Chalk | 40 | Methvin |
| Gravel | 33 | Methvin |
| Rock | 60 | Methvin |
| Sand/Soil | 15-20 | Methvin |
| Clay | 30 | Nunally Sw 1998 |
| Earth, Common | 25 | Nunally Sw 1998 |
| Rock , Blasted | 50 | Nunally Sw 1998 |
| Sand and Gravel | 12 | Nunally Sw 1998 |
| Alluvium | 10 to 15 | Nz Transport Agency |
| Dune Sand | 0 to 10 | Nz Transport Agency |
| Dolomite | 66 | Peele (1961) |
| Gneiss | 75 | Peele (1961) |
| Granite and Porphyry | 76 | Peele (1961) |
| Greenstone & Trap | 81 | Peele (1961) |
| Limestone | 75 | Peele (1961) |
| Quartz | 76 | Peele (1961) |
| Sandstone | 79 | Peele (1961) |
| Slate | 84 | Peele (1961) |
| Clay, Dry | 35 | Peurifoy And Schexnayder (2006) |
| Clay, Wet | 35 | Peurifoy And Schexnayder (2006) |
| Earth and Gravel | 20 | Peurifoy And Schexnayder (2006) |
| Earth, Dry | 25 | Peurifoy And Schexnayder (2006) |
| Earth, Wet | 25 | Peurifoy And Schexnayder (2006) |
| Gravel, Dry | 12 | Peurifoy And Schexnayder (2006) |
| Gravel, Wet | 14 | Peurifoy And Schexnayder (2006) |
| Limestone | 59 | Peurifoy And Schexnayder (2006) |
| Rock, Well Blasted | 59 | Peurifoy And Schexnayder (2006) |
| Sand, Dry | 15 | Peurifoy And Schexnayder (2006) |
| Sand, Wet | 15 | Peurifoy And Schexnayder (2006) |
| Shale | 41 | Peurifoy And Schexnayder (2006) |
| Clay and Gravel, Dry | 40 | Projectengineer |
| Clay and Gravel, Wet | 40 | Projectengineer |
| Clay, Dry | 40 | Projectengineer |
| Clay, Wet | 40 | Projectengineer |
| Coal, Anthracite | 35 | Projectengineer |
| Coal, Bituminous | 35 | Projectengineer |
| Earth, Loam, Dry | 25 | Projectengineer |
| Earth, Loam, Wet | 25 | Projectengineer |
| Gravel, Dry | 12 | Projectengineer |
| Gravel, Wet | 12 | Projectengineer |
| Gypsum | 74 | Projectengineer |
| Hardpan | 50 | Projectengineer |
| Limestone | 67 | Projectengineer |
| Rock, Well Blasted | 65 | Projectengineer |
| Sand, Dry | 12 | Projectengineer |
| Sand, Wet | 12 | Projectengineer |
| Sandstone | 54 | Projectengineer |
| Shale and Soft Rock | 65 | Projectengineer |
| Slate | 65 | Projectengineer |
| Trap Rock | 65 | Projectengineer |
| Basalt | 60 | Quality Control In Earthwork Operations |
| Clay, Damp | 40 | Quality Control In Earthwork Operations |
| Clay, Dry | 35 | Quality Control In Earthwork Operations |
| Gravel, Dry | 15 | Quality Control In Earthwork Operations |
| Gravel, Pit Run | 8 | Quality Control In Earthwork Operations |
| Gravel, Wet | 5 | Quality Control In Earthwork Operations |
| Mud | 20 | Quality Control In Earthwork Operations |
| Sand, Dry | 10 | Quality Control In Earthwork Operations |
| Sand, Wet | 5 | Quality Control In Earthwork Operations |
| Silt | 35 | Quality Control In Earthwork Operations |
| Topsoil | 55 | Quality Control In Earthwork Operations |
| Clay, Heavy (CH) | 45 | Soil And Rock, U. Of New South Wales |
| Clay, Sandy (SC) | 20 | Soil And Rock, U. Of New South Wales |
| Clay, Sandy and Clayey (GW) | 15 | Soil And Rock, U. Of New South Wales |
| Clay, Silty (CL) | 30 | Soil And Rock, U. Of New South Wales |
| Sand, Uniformly Graded (SP) | 10 | Soil And Rock, U. Of New South Wales |
| Sand, Well Graded (SW) | 15 | Soil And Rock, U. Of New South Wales |
| Sandstone, Highly Weathered | 30 | Soil And Rock, U. Of New South Wales |
| Sandstone, Un-weathered | 50 | Soil And Rock, U. Of New South Wales |
| Shale, Unweathered | 35 | Soil And Rock, U. Of New South Wales |
| Basalt | 50 to 80 | Soil Mechanics |
| Chalk | 30 to 50 | Soil Mechanics |
| Clay | 20 to 30 | Soil Mechanics |
| Coal | 30 to 40 | Soil Mechanics |
| Gneiss | 50 to 80 | Soil Mechanics |
| Granite | 50 to 80 | Soil Mechanics |
| Gravel | 12 to 18 | Soil Mechanics |
| Limestone | 50 to 70 | Soil Mechanics |
| Mudstone | 30 to 50 | Soil Mechanics |
| Peat | 30 to 40 | Soil Mechanics |
| Sand | 10 to 15 | Soil Mechanics |
| Sandstone | 40 to 70 | Soil Mechanics |
| Shale | 30 to 50 | Soil Mechanics |
| Topsoil | 30 to 40 | Soil Mechanics |
| Chalk | 40-50 | Spon's |
| Clay, Soft | 30-40 | Spon's |
| Clay, Stiff | 10-20 | Spon's |
| Gravel | 20-25 | Spon's |
| Rock, Unweathered | 50-60 | Spon's |
| Rock, Weathered | 30-40 | Spon's |
| Sand | 40-50 | Spon's |
| Vegetable Soil and Loam | 25-30 | Spon's |
| Basalt | 19 | Surface Mining |
| Bauxite Ore | 12 | Surface Mining |
| Caliche | 19 | Surface Mining |
| Clay, Light | 8 | Surface Mining |
| Coal | 19 | Surface Mining |
| Copper Ore | 14 | Surface Mining |
| Dolomite | 20 | Surface Mining |
| Earth, Dry | 8 | Surface Mining |
| Granite | 22 | Surface Mining |
| Gravel, Dry | 5 | Surface Mining |
| Gypsum | 27 | Surface Mining |
| Iron Ore (Hematite) | 6 | Surface Mining |
| Iron Ore (Magnetite) | 6 | Surface Mining |
| Iron Ore (Taconite) | 27 | Surface Mining |
| Quartzite | 19 | Surface Mining |
| Rock Salt | 19 | Surface Mining |
| Sand, Dry | 5 | Surface Mining |
| Sandstone | 20 | Surface Mining |
| Shale | 12 | Surface Mining |
| Slate | 11 | Surface Mining |
| Trap Rock | 19 | Surface Mining |
| Mudstone, Silt | 30 | Sweby, G. |
| Sandstone, Coarse | 40 | Sweby, G. |
| Sandstone, Fine | 50 | Sweby, G. |
| Sandstone, Shaley | 30 | Sweby, G. |
| Shale | 20 | Sweby, G. |
| Shale, Carbonaceous | 15 | Sweby, G. |
| Shale, Sandy | 25 | Sweby, G. |
| Clay | 40 | Tafe Nsw |
| Clay + Gravel | 18 | Tafe Nsw |
| Clay Loam | 30 | Tafe Nsw |
| Gravel ( 6-50mm) | 12 | Tafe Nsw |
| Limestone | 67 | Tafe Nsw |
| Loam | 25 | Tafe Nsw |
| Sand | 12 | Tafe Nsw |
| Sandstone | 54 | Tafe Nsw |
| Sandy Loam | 20 | Tafe Nsw |
| Bedrock | 30 | Tetra Tech |
| Clay, Dense | 20 to 35 | University Of Jordan |
| Loam | 15 to 25 | University Of Jordan |
| Rock, Solid | 40 to 70 | University Of Jordan |
| Sand and Gravel | 10 to 18 | University Of Jordan |
| Clay and Gravel, Dry | 17 | University Of Wisconsin |
| Clay and Gravel, Wet | 17 | University Of Wisconsin |
| Clay, Dry | 26 | University Of Wisconsin |
| Clay, Wet | 32 | University Of Wisconsin |
| Earth, Dry | 29 | University Of Wisconsin |
| Earth, Moist | 28 | University Of Wisconsin |
| Earth, Wet | 23 | University Of Wisconsin |
| Gravel, Dry | 17 | University Of Wisconsin |
| Gravel, Wet | 13 | University Of Wisconsin |
| Sand and Gravel, Dry | 12 | University Of Wisconsin |
| Sand and Gravel, Wet | 10 | University Of Wisconsin |
| Sand, Dry | 12 | University Of Wisconsin |
| Sand, Wet | 13 | University Of Wisconsin |
| Cinders | 40 to 55 | USAES 1994 |
| Clay, Dry | 40 | USAES 1994 |
| Clay, Wet | 40 | USAES 1994 |
| Earth (Loam Silt) Dry | 15 to 35 | USAES 1994 |
| Earth (Loam Silt) Wet | 25 | USAES 1994 |
| Gravel, Dry | 10 to 15 | USAES 1994 |
| Gravel, Wet | 10 to 15 | USAES 1994 |
| Sand, Dry | 10 to 15 | USAES 1994 |
| Sand, Wet | 10 to 15 | USAES 1994 |
| Shale (Soft Rock) | 65 | USAES 1994 |
| Trap Rock | 50 | USAES 1994 |
| Clay - Dry | 40 | Wikiengineer |
| Clay - Wet | 40 | Wikiengineer |
| Clay and Gravel - Dry | 40 | Wikiengineer |
| Clay and Gravel - Wet | 40 | Wikiengineer |
| Coal, Anthracite | 35 | Wikiengineer |
| Coal, Bituminous | 35 | Wikiengineer |
| Earth - Dry | 25 | Wikiengineer |
| Earth - Wet | 25 | Wikiengineer |
| Gravel - Dry | 12 | Wikiengineer |
| Gravel - Wet | 12 | Wikiengineer |
| Gypsum | 74 | Wikiengineer |
| Hardpan | 50 | Wikiengineer |
| Limestone | 67 | Wikiengineer |
| Rock - Blasted | 65 | Wikiengineer |
| Sand - Dry | 12 | Wikiengineer |
| Sand - Wet | 12 | Wikiengineer |
| Sandstone | 54 | Wikiengineer |
| Shale and Soft Rock | 65 | Wikiengineer |
| Slate | 65 | Wikiengineer |
| Trap Rock | 65 | Wikiengineer |
| Basalt | 64 | Wilkinson (1997) |
| Chalk | 50 | Wilkinson (1997) |
| Clay and Gravel | 35 | Wilkinson (1997) |
| Clay, (High Plasticity Index) | 40 | Wilkinson (1997) |
| Clay, (Low Plasticity Index) | 30 | Wilkinson (1997) |
| Granite | 72 | Wilkinson (1997) |
| Gravel | 5 | Wilkinson (1997) |
| Limestone | 63 | Wilkinson (1997) |
| Sand | 5 | Wilkinson (1997) |
| Sand & Gravel | 15 | Wilkinson (1997) |
| Sandstone, Cemented | 61 | Wilkinson (1997) |
| Sandstone, Porous | 60 | Wilkinson (1997) |
| Shales | 50 | Wilkinson (1997) |
Excavation Calculators
Excavated Materials and Trucking
- Excavation Material Removal Calculator Swell and Shrinkage
- Material from a Rectangular Shaped Excavation
- Number of Truckloads - Imperial
- Number of Truckloads - Metric
- Rectangle Pyramid Pile
- Rectangle Pyramid Pile - Metric
- Volume of a Cone Shaped Pile Calculator
- Volume of a Cone Shaped Pile Calculator - Metric
- Volume of a Pile Calculator
- Volume of a Pile Calculator - Metric
Equipment
Factors, Grades, Percentages
- Elevation Grade Slope in a Percentage, Millimetres
- Elevation Grade from Inches per Foot
- Elevation Grade from a Percentage
- Grade Percentage to Angle in Degrees
- Horizontal Length from Angle and Slope Length
- Spike's Compaction Factor Calculator
- Shrink and Load Factor Calculator
- Slope Percent and Angle of the Slope - Metric
- Swell and Load Factor Calculator
- Vertical Depth from a Slope Percentage and Horizontal Length